Thomas Hobbes And John Locke - 1137 Words

Thomas Hobbes and John Locke are widely considered to be the most influential political philosophers of the classical liberal viewpoint, as they both believed that a government should exist, but that it should exist only for the purpose of preventing members of society from harming each other, not from harming themselves, therefore maximizing liberty in society. Although they agreed on the general purpose of government, which would today be considered to be a libertarian viewpoint, one critical issue on which they disagreed was on the nature of rights. In Hobbes’ view, people have no natural or inherent rights, and that in a state of nature, people would have no obligation to respect the rights of others. As a result, Hobbes argues that†¦show more content†¦The key component of Hobbes’ theory of government is social contract theory: that people give up some of their freedom to a government that protects their safety; as a result, rights are granted by the gover nment, as this social contract is the only protection that people have over their rights. Hobbes’ social contract theory stems from his view of the state of nature, or what would occur if no government existed. In Hobbes’ view, the state of nature is extremely chaotic, or as he writes, â€Å"solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.† This chaotic state occurs because people have no incentive not to harm each other, since â€Å"if any two men desire the same thing, which nevertheless they cannot both enjoy, they become enemies; and in the way to their end endeavour to destroy or subdue one another.† In addition, Hobbes argues that there is no morality or rights in the state of nature, saying â€Å"The notions of right and wrong, justice and injustice, have there no place. Where there is no common power, there is no law; where no law, no injustice.† Since Hobbes believes that people have no inherent rights in a state of nature, and that no one has any incentive to respect the rights of others, he believes that a government is necessary in order toShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke And Thomas Hobbes886 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscuss the differences in political theories expressed by both John Locke and Thomas Hobbes. In, Leviathan, by Thomas Hobbes, and in, The Second Treatise of Government, by John Locke different theories of political legitimacy and definitions of the state of nature are described. The following paragraphs analyze multiple different points that are imperative to understanding these political theories. In the reading, Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes discusses what human existence is in the state of nature andRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke911 Words   |  4 Pagessocial contract theory, Thomas Hobbes and John Locke established many of the founding ideals that contemporary Liberalism is based on. While the shared many similar positions, there are some key distinctions to be made between the arguments Hobbes and Locke make in Leviathan and Second Treatise of Civil Government, respectively. In this paper I will argue the differences between how each of them viewed the right of the subjects to revolt from the sovereign. Thomas Hobbes published his most famousRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke Essay1441 Words   |  6 PagesEifling-Question 4 Hobbes and Locke During and after the English Revolution, a few philosophers expressed different views on their philosophical outlook and life experiences. Some of the most outstanding thinkers include Thomas Hobbes and John Locke. They had opposing views on governance matters, but the two, also, had striking similarities. In addition, the two represented an increasingly modernized European population that despised absolute kingship. Both Hobbes and Locke proposed a conceptionRead MoreJohn Locke And Thomas Hobbes1287 Words   |  6 Pagesknow how to balance and consider the nature of humankind and their rights. John Locke and Thomas Hobbes were both political philosophers who developed theories about how the government should work. They set up their theories around The Natural Law and the Social Contract Theory. Although John Locke and Thomas Hobbes had a similar goal, their beliefs and opinions were definitely not the same. John Locke and Thomas Hobbes both believed in the Natural Law and the Social Contract Theory. They both developedRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1346 Words   |  6 PagesContracts Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were two English political philosophers, who have had a lasting impact on modern political science. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke both spent much of their lives attempting to identify the best form of government. Locke and Hobbes were among the most prominent of theorists when it came to social contract and human rights. A Social Contract is an agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, are the twoRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke928 Words   |  4 Pagesthere is no formed society, government, laws, safety, etc. both Thomas Hobbes and John Locke take this into perspective while introducing a political view. As illustrated by Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Karl Marx, and Friedrich Engels, they proposed political views on how human nature can prosper. Initially, Thomas Hobbes introduces a concept on the state of nature and its effects as well as how peace can be achieved. In Leviathan, Hobbes defines what living in a state of nature would be like and theRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1494 Words   |  6 Pages1) Thomas Hobbes and John Locke share the basic assumption that a theory based off of abstract individualism, consent, sovereignty and reason will produce a peaceful and productive society. This theory is the liberal political theory, which is the philosophy of individual rights and a limited government. Both Hobbes and Locke both center the majority of their ideas off of how people’s lives should be based off of nature rights instead of natural law. This being said, people are also subject to theRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke888 Words   |  4 Pagesare very similar but diverge in the moments that solidify their stance on their opinion. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke is both political scientist who have made strides in the area of social contracts and share being natural law theorist also. Locke and all other natural law theorists assumed that man was by nature a social animal and there fore struck contracts with each other to secure safety among them. Hobbes assumed diff erently, thus his verdicts are very different from other natural law theoristsRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1426 Words   |  6 PagesBy the second half of the 17th Century, England would experience one of the bloodiest conflicts in its history, ultimately serving to influence some of the most phenomenal political philosophers in Europe --Thomas Hobbes, and John Locke. England was in constant unrest, choosing new forms of government almost on a whim in desperate attempts to restore order in the Country. The English Civil War in 1642 etched a legacy of dread in the people of England, and the war only appeared more disastrous andRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1659 Words   |  7 Pagesmajority. The following pages show how modern social contract theory especially that of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, grew into the divisive issue it is in contemporary political philosophy. Modern social contract theory can trace its roots to prominent thinkers Thomas Hobbes and John Lock e. It is their thoughts on social contracts that lie at the center of the many spheres we are a part of. For Hobbes and Locke, social contract theory sought to analyze the relationship between rulers and the ruled

The War On Terrorism And Its Impact On The 21st Century

Terrorism is an undoubtedly real concept that has left its mark on the 21st century in quite a profound way. That being said the topic of terrorism is both one of reality and conspiracy, not to debate the merits of its authenticity but rather the way in which governments respond to such unforeseen attacks. Many theorists have argued that the so-called war on terrorism is simply a political ruse; a political tactic used by western democracies to justify their engagement in ulterior motives abroad. When the Bush administration declared a universal â€Å"war on terrorism† after the events of 9/11 occurred, the entire approach of the western world towards the subject altered. Harsher laws, stricter security regulations and calculated conventional warfare tactics became priority. To engage in the discussion of whether the war on terror is in fact winnable is an extremely subjective argument, since it cannot be eradicated in a purely conventional sense, as small victories ensue but the overall war rages on. Terrorism is an unfortunate and undeniable reality that Canada has come to comprehend, the west is no longer a safe haven isolated from the reaches of radicalism. Canada not being a nation completely immune from the influences of terrorism has had to respond to threats by implementing additional criminal laws and policies to ensure the preservation of peace and security both domestically and abroad. Subsequently, with Canada being a nation built on the rule of law it is extremelyShow MoreRelatedTerrorism And Its Effects On The Pursuit Of Political Aim910 Words   |  4 PagesTerrorism is defined as the use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aim. The United States Department of Defense defines terrorism as â€Å"the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideolo gical.†(1) Terrorism has been around around since the first century BCE. The Sicarii were the first jewish group who murderedRead MoreThe United States : A World Leader And Its Responses Will Have Key Consequences1693 Words   |  7 PagesFrom the mid-20th to the early-21st century, the United States faced many conflicts, pressures, and changes that were brought about by events and issues which occurred outside of American borders. In response, there was no way for the nation to avoid becoming more globalized. Globalization came in the form of economic, social, and political pressure on the country. Some of these shifts in policy and world view were brought on by necessity such as the energy crisis of the 1970’s. Others were by choiceRead MoreOrganised Crime-Maritime Piracy, Smuggling and Human Trafficking693 Words   |  3 Pagesmany countries. This combined with the seven major chokepoints, provide a prominent security challenge in the 21st century. Various threats to the stability of the IOR, include that of asymmetric threats as well as organised crime. This can destabilise countries, or the flow of maritime commerce between states. Holistically, these make up the principal security challenges within the 21st century. The IOR will always contain various security challenges, but the cooperation of states, which utilise theRead More9/11 and the Ongoing Threat of Terrorism829 Words   |  3 Pagesresponse to the attack, the United States launched a global War on Terrorism, invading Afghanistan to depose the Taliban region (who had harbored al-Qaeda), enacted the US Patriot Act, and formulated a policy to rid the Middle East of terrorist or terror-sponsored States. After the 9/11 attacks, U.S. security policy received myopic scrutiny and there were a number of changes made so that America could anticipate and prevent acts of terrorism. A new Cabinet Level Department was formed, Homeland SecurityRead MoreTerrorism And Its Impact On Global Politi cs1734 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Terrorism has a very significant impact in global politics. The impact on global politics is now more significant than ever before, due to the rise of terrorist organisations such as the Islamic State and al-Qaeda. Terrorists use attacks to create chaos and fear in society, forcing global political reactions to control the threat. Fear created through the media is believed to exaggerate the global threat posed by terrorism. Terrorism is able to dramatically change the scope of globalRead More`` Prairie View A M University Terrorist Or Freedom Fighter Depends On Which Lens You re Looking Through1437 Words   |  6 Pagesdepends on which lens you’re looking through. On September 11, 2001 a normal Tuesday morning an American Airline Boeing 767 plane loaded with 20,000 gallons of jet fuel crashed into the north tower of the World Trade center in New York City. The impact left a massive burning hole near the 80th floor of the 110-story skyscraper, instantly killing hundreds of people and trapping hundreds more in in higher floors. As the evacuation of the tower and its twin got underway, television broadcasted liveRead MoreConventional Warfare During The 21st Century1861 Words   |  8 PagesConventional warfare is increasingly ill-suited to fighting and winning wars in the 21st Century. Critically evaluate that claim. You should refer in your answer to examples of contemporary conflicts. Throughout Human history Mankind have fought against each other, wagging war against their neighbours for territory, resources, ideology and a myriad of other reasons. Over the ages the way we wage war has changed, leaps forward in technology and tactics where made frequently, each Nation trying toRead MoreCharacter of the 21st Century1249 Words   |  5 PagesCharacter of the 21st Century Name: Institution: Date: Introduction The character of the 21st Century from a political, economic and social perspective would be chaotic. It should be appreciated that the world has gotten to a point of political, economic and social consciousness that puts pressure between the governed and the governors. From a social contract point of view, it is arguably correct to assert that the realisation of the social contract nobles would be effected. However, thisRead MoreAirpower And Its Effectiveness Against The Enemy s Fielded Military Forces1501 Words   |  7 Pagesand practice of airpower filled the past century with frequently persuasive victories coupled with a historical documentation packed with arguable failures. It is important to note that the effectiveness of airpower, as a military operational strategy, has triggered a debate among proponents and non-proponents. Some airpower theorists have debated its effectiveness. Throughout history, the many claims about airpower’s decisiveness to independently w in wars or conflicts have hindered the notionalRead MoreSecurity Background And Threats Of Terrorism Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesOne. Security background and threats of terrorism Since the beginning of a 21st century, an international security environment has been proved to be more volatile, unpredictable, complex and ambiguity with their challenging effects in various ways. Thus, those challenging situations take into particular considerations when combating terrorism throughout the national security strategy. The civil war, sectarian spillovers of crises, state catastrophe in central Africa and the Middle East will likely

Feminism in Jane Eyre Novel free essay sample

Furthermore, I will apply Gilbert and Guber’s idea about women in the Victorian era and use it in the analysis of Jane and her development. The idea is that women at the time had to overcome oppression, starvation, madness and coldness in order to arrive at the â€Å"end station† – wholeness. A secondary focus will be to analyse how some of the other female characters in Jane Eyre affect her life throughout the novel. In each period of Jane’s life it is obvious that the feminine characters affect her development in various ways. Some of these characters will appear in more than one period in my analysis. Furthermore, I will study the narrative of Charlotte Bronte with a contemporaneous theory that the feminine characters can be related to. The novel can be seen as a critique of the Victorian patriarchal society where great differences between men and women and between different social classes where a fact. We will write a custom essay sample on Feminism in Jane Eyre Novel or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According to Gilbert Gubar, Jane Eyre shocked Victorian reviewers as they saw the novel as â€Å"‘Anti-Christian’ refusal to accept the forms, costumes, and standards of society† (338). Jane Eyre was first published as Jane Eyre an Autobiography in 1847 under the pseudonym of Currer Bell. The edition used here was published in 2003 and Michael Mason has edited an introduction and notes about Jane Eyre and Charlotte Bronte. The name Jane Eyre is significant for this analysis as Jane is a character who no one pays attention to in the first stage of her life. Gilbert and Gubar explain this in The Mad woman in the Attic: â€Å"Jane Eyreher name is of course suggestive-is invisible as air, the heir to nothing, secretly choking with 3 Maria Holmstrom Mid Sweden University English C-net ire† (Gilbert Gubar 342). Jane Eyre is a Bildungsroman, which is a novel that tells the story of a character’s process of successful self discovery (Barry 135). As a reader, we follow Jane through her life from childhood to the stage where she has reached the feeling of wholeness. In the last period of her life she has managed to become rich and reached the feeling of being e qual to men as she now is a free woman. â€Å"Are you an independent woman? A rich woman? Quite rich, sir. If you won’t let me live with you, I can build a house of my own close up to your door† (Bronte 483). According to literary critic, the novel is a proof for women that there was a possibility to change from less powerful to equal in this society (Mason Introduction). Jane’s life can be divided into 5 periods: †¢ Jane at Gateshead The first period of her life takes form in Gateshead where she is raised by her aunt. In this part we meet Mrs Reed, the aunt and the servant, Bessie. Here she meets and overcomes oppression. †¢ Jane at Lowood The second period starts when Jane leaves Gateshead to attend School of Lowood. Here, Mrs Temple, a teacher and a student, Helen Burns take part in her life. In this section Bessie appears too. She will meet and overcome starvation in this period. †¢ Jane at Thornfield Period three in Jane’s life is the stage where she has become a governess and leaves school to work at Thornfield Hall in the mansion of Mr Rochester. In this part she falls in love for the first time in her life and it will be the most important change in her life. The feminine characters in this part are, Mrs Fairfax, the housekeeper, Jane’s student Adele, the servant Grace Poole, the baroness’s daughter Ingram and Bertha, Mr Rochester’s first wife. In this period Jane has to meet and overcome madness. Maria Holmstrom Mid Sweden University English C-net †¢ 5 Jane finds her family In the fourth period of Jane’s life she leaves Thornfield Hall to become an independent woman. She learns to know Mr John Rivers and his sisters Mary and Diane who appear to be her cousins. Jane meets and overcome coldness in this period of life. †¢ Jane marries The fifth and final period in the novel and in Jane’s development is when she returns to Thornfield and finds out about Mr Rochester. The last feminine character that affects Jane is again Bertha. In this part she reaches her â€Å"end-station† – wholeness. Aim The aim with this essay is to investigate Jane’s development into wholeness and how the feminine characters have affected her in this struggle. Method The method used is to analyse Jane in her five periods of her life using relevant secondary literature sources found on the web. I will use the famous work, The Madwoman in the Attic, chapter 10, by Gilbert and Gubar which is an analysis of Jane Eyre and I will apply it to this investigation regarding the chosen theme. To analyse the narrative of Charlotte Bronte concerning the feminine characters I will use the French feminist theory. The primary source used is the novel Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte. Theory The French feminism which originated in France in the 1960’s has one perception â€Å"The women as to the man† (Selden 171). Furthermore, it registers the difference between groups where the social and cultural is manipulated in the way that one group domi- 5 Maria Holmstrom Mid Sweden University English C-net 6 nates and oppresses another. I see the aforementioned themes as central in Jane Eyre and it is interesting how the theory can be traced in this novel. The parent’s position and importance against children is reflected in the novel Jane Eyre. In the article â€Å"Feminist criticism and Jane Eyre† Ross Murfin explains that the French feminists associated language with separation from the mother. A child enters the linguistic realm just as it grasps the separateness from its mother, at the time when the boys identify with their father. The language the children learn reflects the binary oppositions and its logic: father/mother, brother/sister, phallus/vagina etc. Moreover, the French feminists explain that the structure of the language is phallocentric-it privileges the masculine by associating them with things and values appreciated by the masculine culture (Murfin). Its distinctions represent the world from the male point of view. Additionally, language forces women to choose: either they can represent themselves as men imagine and speak as them or they can choose â€Å"silence† and by that become â€Å"the invisible and unheard sex† (Murfin). Furthermore, the feminists mean that it is essential to recognize the position of the father: as legislator over the function as superior reproducer but also basically as an effect of the linguistic system. The theory explains that when a child accepts its needs of the sexual differences or the regulated need it can socialize (Selden 175). The woman setting herself free from the man represents the rupture, the destruction of the patriarchy system (Selden 177). Both Jane and Bertha can be referred to this theory since they try to set themselves free from the patriarchal society. Some French feminists have said that the Freudian concept phallus is a term used to explain penis envy. However, it does not mean the physical object but a symbol of the power that goes with it (Barry 131). The theory can be applied on some of the feminine characters since one of the themes in the novel is the patriarchal system and the power of the man or in some cases women. Moreover, the theory describes in what way the woman is the silence of the unconscious that precedes the course of 6 Maria Holmstrom Mid Sweden University English C-net 7 events and stays outside and challenges by interrupting the conscious order (Selden 177). In the Victorian society it was regarded as a â€Å"sin† to refuse the social destiny by higher social classes. The opinion of many Victorians did not support the way Jane acts in the novel. She is seen as an â€Å"‘anti-Christian’ refusal to accept the customs and standards of the society† (Gilbert Gubar 338). Jane’s five periods of her life into self discovery Jane at Gateshead The novel begins in the dark mansion of Gateshead where Jane was sent to be raised by her uncle, Mr Reed. Unfortunately, Mr Reed dies and he leaves Jane alone with Mrs Reed who makes life miserable for Jane. Jane is not as angel-like as her aunt expects and she is not regarded as good enough. Therefore Jane lives under tyranny and is treated like air by everyone. Indeed, Gilbert and Gubar suggest that â€Å"Jane Eyre-her name is of course suggestive-is invisible as air, the heir to nothing, secretly choking with ire† (Gilbert Gubar 342). Jane has to overcome oppression in this period to be able to continue her path to self-discovery (Gilbert Gubar 339). Mrs Reed sends her son John to punish Jane several times and one day she fights back against Mr John and hits him in the head. The punishment this time is to be locked up in the red- room: â€Å"Mr Reed had been dead nine years: it was in this chamber he breathed his last; here he lay in state; hence his coffin was born by the undertaker’s men; and, since that day, a sense of dreary consecration had guarded it from frequent intrusion† (Bronte 21). I agree with Gilbert Gubar (340) in their analysis of the red-room as a symbol of the society that Jane lives in and feels trapped in as she is constantly harassed and picked upon during her childhood. In this room Jane considers whether to escape the house through flight or through starvation or escape through madness. The power to control her own life is taken away or to refused because of her interiorized position in the family. This is an obvious sign of what the 7 Maria Holmstrom Mid Sweden University English C-net 8 French feminists mean by a social class is manipulated in the way that one group dominates and oppresses another (Selden 171). Jane is oppressed by Mrs Reed and her son John why she chooses to escape through madness. She starts to see ghosts and screams and sobs and the next thing she remembers is when she wakes up in the nursery. Gilbert Gubar mean that self starvation, madness, and death are associated with female feelings of powerlessness and rage (Barry 136). Phallus or penis envy according to the French feminist is a term that does not refer to the physical object but a symbol of power that goes with it (Barry 131). Mrs Reed can be related to this theory of male oppression and female rage as it is obvious through her actions that she functions in a male capacity. According to Gilbert Gubar, Mrs Reed is surrounded by patriarchal limits and as I see it Jane is well aware of this as she asks, â€Å"What would Uncle Reed say to you, if he were alive? † (Bronte 36). I interpret this question as a way for Jane to challenge Mrs Reed and to liberate herself and overcome madness. The woman who tries to become free from the â€Å"man† represents the rupture, the destruction of the patriarchy system, in relation to French feminism (Selden 177). This description of rupture can be referred to Jane as she interrupts the order of Mrs Reed, and this causes her to be sent away to school. The only person that Jane can trust is Bessie, the servant, who soothes Jane after what happened in the red room. Bessie teaches her to find comfort in songs and acts like a motherfigure to Jane because she has no such figure in her life (Rich Sparknotes). The only one that bids Jane farewell when she leaves Mrs Reed’s house is Bessie the night before: â€Å"I’ll kiss you and welcome: bend your head down. Bessie stooped; we mutually embraced, and I followed her into the house quite comforted [ In the evening Bessie told me some of her most enchanting stories [†¦] Even for me life had its gleams of sunshine† (Bronte 49). Bessie gives Jane love and strength to go on just as a mother would have done. Here we can see the importance of parental-figures and their position in relation to the child. According to the French 8 Mar ia Holmstrom Mid Sweden University English C-net 9 feminists it is important to be aware of the position of the father as legislator over the function as superior reproducer but also on the whole as an effect of the linguistic system (Murfin). Jane lost her mother, her father and her uncle who should have acted as a father to her, but died. As the French theory asserts, a child can not socialize if it does not accept its needs of the sexual differences or the regulated need (Selden 175). As Jane trusted her legislator (her father, uncle and finally her aunt) who fails her totally, she will have problems to socialize. Jane at Lowood Attending School of Lowood is the first step in Jane’s way to self-discovery. Here she learns how to govern herself and her anger and to become a governess. At Lowood she will overcome starvation to be able to move on in her life (Gilbert Gubar 339). Even though Lowood is a poor and hard place Jane explains that she would never â€Å"exchange Lowood with all its privations, for Gateshead and its daily luxuries† (Bronte 87). She also refers to the Bible where Salomon exclaims: â€Å"Better is a dinner of herbs where love is, than a stalled ox and hatred therewith† (Bronte 87). It is interesting how the author describes the first feminine character that Jane confronts.

Professional teacher means... free essay sample

In my understanding a professional teacher means having the ability to shape the minds and the future of students, to give everything and expect nothing. a professional teacher knows what to do , it means preparing adequately and on time for classes, e.g the paperwork needs to be organised so that you may not need to stop in the middle of a lesson due to misplaced papers. professional teachers are those willing to go extra mile to a point where they work overtime even though the workday formally ends at a certain hour. taking part in activities that maintain and develop competencies and performance, it means keeping your knowledge up to date  and becoming an expert in the skills required to do the job and performing to the best of your ability.in closing i then can say a professional teacher is an influential person.CHARACTERISTICS OF A PROFESSIONAL TEACHERRELIABILITYWhen students or colleagues ask for a helping hand, you must reach out to them. We will write a custom essay sample on Professional teacher means or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page part of being reliable is that you provide help on a regular basis .be honest when you can or cant help, dont agree to help just to make people go away and stop bothering you when you have no intention or cant help, rather say no where you cant.ADAPTABILITYAs a teacher one needs to be able to adapt easily to changing situations, be open to new ideas. with rapid changes in technology and society you need to be flexible to work through challenging issues and be able to cope when things dont go as planned, prepare backup, alternative options for lessons. accept new roles and be cooperative and helpful when offered a new role.GOOD COMMUNICATORThe importance of communication involves listening, speaking, reading and writing therefore teachers need to be highly skilled in all the areas to excel in their profession. teachers must be skilled at listening to their students as well as explaining things for the better understanding of their students.COMPETENCEA professional teacher must have the ability to work confidentially, inspire and motivate students, be well prepared for lessons and be punctual.WHAT DO YOU NEED TO DO TO BECOME A PROFESSIONAL TEACHERget a matric certificateenrol at university for  a degree in educationtake part in work integrated learningregister with SACE