Ryanair Business Ethics

Ryanair Business moralsSummary of the unit Business Ethics is a key comp whizznt in f coiffe, it could be the very(prenominal) plants of the way in which operational activities atomic number 18 carried out within a line of products. Ethics be to do with what is right and wrong. It is roughly how a come aparty does its ancestry and how its activities affect all of its stakeholders. A problem is part of society and thence is required to maintain a certain standard of behavior.TASK 1 Assessment 1 A Study of a Selected Comp both Using an organisation of your choice simply in discussion with your tutor, research the ethical set and activities of the company. Explore ethical issues relevant to the companys progress, identify stakeholders and conflicts of interest and value the ethical implications for stakeholders. Finally, explore the accessible implications of patronage ethics for the company.IntroductionEthics refers to the moral rights and wrongs of any decision a li neage makes. It is a value judgement that may differ in importance and meaning between different individuals. Businesses may comply ethical policies because they study in them or they believe that by sho gain groundg they be ethical they improve their sales.Background of the organisation or companyRyanair is Ltd which nub the liability of members or subscribers of the company is hold to what they have invested into the company. Ryanair is an Irish low cost airline, which is located on the grounds of Dublin var.port, with its primary operational base at London Stansted Airport. The airline operates over 300 Boeing 737-800 aircraft and has been characterised by rapid expansion and its low-cost. The route network serves 30 countries both in Europe and northmost Africa.Explain the ethical values and activities of the company (Areas of ethical activities include ethics in finance, eg bribery, exe fadeive pay, insider trading, lobbying ethics in gracious resource heed, eg discr imination, worker watchfulness ethics in production, eg animal testing, genetically modified (GM) foodstuffs, planned obsolescence ethics in sales and market, eg spamming, shills, product placement, green washing ethics in able property eg softwargon piracy, counterfeiting, peer-to-peer file sharing)Ryanair have made it very hard to find their mission statement, but on the basis of their main objective angiotensin-converting enzyme rat see that Ryanair wants to be the low-cost airline. In my opinion, based on different information I have read during research I believe Ryanair leave behind do salutary to the highest degree anything to maintain that low-cost airline status. Ryanair argon cutting the costs in which they spend by reducing fuel, re-styling their inflight powder store from A4 to A5 and doubling it up as a menu. The airline has a manage been accused of surroundingsal effects which are imputing to the speed up of Global Warming over ascribable to the emissions w hich the planes are releasing. In a conference to discuss incorporate strategies, Michael OLeary (CEO) says, Its the oldest, simplest formula Pile em high and sell em cheap We want to be the Wal-Mart of the airline agate line. Nobody will beat us on price EVER. Ryanair inform their stakeholders astir(predicate) what they believe, is ethical behaviour in the Chairmans report as part of the Annual Report. However, they do non mention how they will improve occurring problems. Notwithstanding the issues we face, the outstanding people at Ryanair continue to work hard on behalf of shareholders to concentrate our costs while at the same time delivering the lowest fares in Europe to our 79 million capitulumengers.Explain the ethical issues relevant to the companys progress.(These include corporate governance corporate social responsibility environment sustainability human rights corruption trading fairly legal and regulatory compliance business practices working conditions individu al ethical responsibilities) sympathetic RightsBusiness ethics considers actions taken on behalf of organisations such as Ryanair. Business ethics asks the business if its actions are soundly or sad for us humans. Many questions that arise in business ethics affect all of us such as the environmental ones. There are likewise some issues which relate to human rights too. so, it is important that Ryanair deals with these issues and questions in good order as they do affect humans and the environment. Human rights are mainly about discrimination. For example, it is illegal in the UK to treat people differently because of their race, gender, trust, sexual orientation or disability. These are kn experience as basic human rights.There are other types of human rights which are built into legal system. At Ryanair, employees are entitled to a contract of recitation, to work part time, to be able to join a federation and to have hearing against wrongful dismissal. This is for everyone this is know as human rights. Ryanair would have to follow human rights when employing people to work with them they can non deny someone to work for them because of their race, gender, religion or disability. If these laws are broken in Ryanair they can be sued. Ryanairs commitment to operating with find for human rights is reflected in company policies and procedures. In order to integrate human rights considerations into the management of their business, human rights due diligence is part of their risk assessment for new production and sales markets. For existing production and sales markets, Ryanair will regularly evaluate human rights related risks and conduct human rights impact assessments on high risk markets. Risk and impact assessments are used for them to identifying literal and potential human rights impacts from their business activities, which are then managed by the relevant business functions. Ryanair works broadly to promote respect for human rights through open policy, stakeholders dialogues and collaborations.Working Conditions When people start working for a business organisation, they are entitled to a set of nominal working conditions, which are not fairish about wages and salaries. They also cover aspects of work such as hours, holiday entitlement, privacy harassment and discrimination. It is up to employers to create working conditions that are fair, just and open. Trade Unions have the traditional role of defending worker rights against bad employers. Ryanairs employees must have been told about the working conditions which should cover all aspects such as things like hours, holidays, salaries and wages. It is up to the employer to create the working conditions, if something is unsporting there are Trade Unions who have the role to defend workers from the bad employers. The employees shall be granted and correctly compensated for any types of paid leave to which they are legally entitled. For Example, leaves include annual leave , maternity/parental leave and sick leave.Ryanairs employee should be treated with respect and dignity. Under no circumstances Ryanair either accept the use by their suppliers, their sub affirmers or other business partners of humiliating or corporal punishment, and no employee shall be subject to physical, sexual, Psychological or verbal harassment or abuse. Wages must be paid regularly, on time, and must reflect the experience, qualifications and performance of the employee. Ryanairs minimum indispensableness is that employers shall pay at least the statutory minimum wage, the prevailing industry wage or the wage negotiated in a collective allotment, whichever is higher. either other types of legally mandated benefits and compensations shall be paid. No unfair deductions are allowed, and the employee has the right to a written specification of how the wage has been calculated.Corporate Governance Ryanair have be on of send outors who make important decisions. They are answera ble to board managers. Governance is important to large businesses like Ryanair. it is important because how will HM directors know what mangers are doing. Therefore the government gets involved. Also corporate governance is the people and procedures for winning a major decision within Ryanair. Ryanair will have to send directors progress about the business so they are always updated, the managers at Ryanair will be responsible for consulting the board directors about everything that goes on in the business on a regular basis. Governance is vital to big companies such as Ryanair because how will Ryanair directors acknowledge what managers are doing, this government will step in. Corporate governance is the employees and mea for certains for taking important decisions within Ryanair.Trading Fairly Fair trade is whereBusiness is carried on in an open manner.Competition takes place on grounds that are equal for all partiesConsumers can feel secure that the goods and services they are buying are going to be of satisfactory quality.Ryanair must make sure that they are always trading fairly and theyre consumers should always feel secure that goods and services they are using are going to be of satisfactory quality.Ryanair agree that wages in some production countries are too low. Ensuring that all textile workers should be able to live on their wages has always been Ryanair s vision, and this is also stated in our Code of Conduct. In November 2013, Ryanair had developed a new roadmap based on their vision, a fair living wage cover song workers basic contends should be paid by all HM commercial goods suppliers. One important element of this is that Ryanair s while another states that this requirement is based on a skilled workforce whos wages are negotiated and reviewed annually, involving democratically elected trade unions of worker representatives.Identify stakeholders of the organisation and conflicts of interest and assess the ethical implications for stakeho lders. (Stakeholders owners, employees, customers, suppliers, competitors, citizens, etc. Conflicts of interest between stakeholder groups e.g. shareholders versus environmentalists)Ryanairs Main Stakeholders include Shareholders Business Partners Customers EmployeesConflicts of interest Ryanair StakeholdersEmployees Vs OwnersEmployees want higher wages and owners want high profits then want to pay employees lower wages.Customers Vs ShareholdersLow prices is what customers want, but higher prices is what shareholders want as it way higher profits.Employees Vs ManagementConflict might occur when management desire to cut costs to boost profit in order to satisfy their own needs as well as different stakeholders as employees want higher wages.StakeholdersStakeholders are a person, group or organisation that has interest or concern in an organisation. Stakeholders can affect or be affected by the organisations actions, objectives and policies. The below diagram includes definiti ons for each stakeholderRyanairs main stakeholders areEmployees who seek the necessary training along with career development opportunities within Ryanair. They also want job security.Shareholders who want a dividend from profits.Customers who want services that meet their needs when flying. They wish for flights that are at low prices and convenient dates and times.Explain the social implications of business ethics for the organisation or company.(Implications include adapting business behaviour responding to ethical pressures implementing ethical practices influence of stakeholders and pressure groups impact on competitiveness study public image ethical trade value-added complying with relevant legislation and codes of practice, e.g. UK law, EU lawUN Declaration on Human Rights UN Global Compact economic activity e.g. location)(Other Implications include global, eg environment corporate, eg legal and regulatory compliance, policies and practices individual (employee, consume r)Ethical Concerns and effectsRyanair is a business that is acting wrongly in many ways. I have include the reasons which I think are the main ones. EnvironmentalThe emissions, which are coming from the aircraft, are believed to be having a very bad effect on the Earths atmosphere which is create harm which leads to Global Warming, this will have an effect on everyone if Ryanair doesnt stop right now. This is evidence that the business is acting unethically as they are not caring for the environment in which we are all living in. Social An example of the way in which Ryanair is acting unethically in relation to employment practice which became known when former employee Sophie Growcoot got in contact with her local representative to reveal the details of her employment contract with the company Crewlink, which acts as a contractor for Ryanair. The Independent later published the story. Growcoot explains that Crewlink forced her to take three months of compulsory unpaid leave a ye ar during the winter months, air traffic is lazy therefore Ryanair require less staff. Not only is a compulsory unpaid leave bad enough, the contract forbids her from taking additional employment to date provided no compensation during that period of leave. She also criticized Ryanair for making her pay for her uniform and for required safety courses. Growcoot then explains further to all of that they only paid her for the hours she was in the air, which didnt include any turnaround time between flights, meetings, time on ground resulting from cancellations or delays and pre-flight briefings. However due to this claims Ryanair have not denied them but verbalised that she was employed by Crewlink and not them therefore they hold no responsibility for any of this accusations. health and Safety The action in which Ryanair is view asing out which leads me to believe that they are an unethical business is that they are putting their passengers and staff at risk by restricting the ke ep down of fuel they carry in an attempt to cut costs. In a recent article published by The Independent, the airline has been accused of not putting extra fuel into their tasks, which would be used due to any delays. The article includes an example of this which has recently happened, a Ryanair flight has to make to attempts to land then make a pit stop as they had not filled the tank fully included extra fuel in which they needed. However, this is not a legal problem as they fill the tank to the amount by law. They have the amount issues by law, but are driving slower in order to use up less this means they are adding time on to journeys. With these issues and more creating black clouds over the business which is making them act unethically, Ryanair needs to consider ways in which they could deal with the occurring issues if of course they can actually deal with them. The fact is that Ryanair is faced with unethical issues including, environmental, social and safety ones. In order to start acting more ethically the airline severely needs to overcome the occurring problems, for the three issues I have explained above I am going to suggest ways in which they can change unethical to ethical. Environmental Problem The emissions from Ryanair aircrafts are having bad effects on our environment. Solution In order for the emissions released to not affect our environment Ryanair should look into exactly how frequently is being released and consider changing what they use that makes the emissions have such a bad effect. Ryanair needs to go green like Virgin America and Air France, which are the two airlines that were awarded the most eco- hospitable. Practicality If other airlines that are highly recognised and extremely successful can go green and be environmentally friendly then why cant Ryanair. In order for this solution to be successful the airline need to invest more time and money into biofuel, recycle etc. as in the long run this is the better filling for everyone. SocialProblem Ryanairs contractor Crewlink has been drawing up harsh contracts for staff of Ryanair.Solution Crewlink are working for Ryanair, yet its Ryanair that get the blame for all the disasters like in Sophie Growcoots story. Ryanair cannot deny its happening as they know it is, but to stop it and act ethically towards their employees, they need to change the way in which the contracts are being drawn. If Crewlink are the ones who are responsible Ryanair should disconnect from them and treat their employees with fair advantages rather than unfair disadvantages.Possible vs. Practicality To change the way in which the contracts are drawn is hard as Crewlink are a company as well (even though they are working for Ryanair) they might go against Ryanairs wishes. To me the most practical thing to do in this situation is to drop Crewlink all together and start employing people corking through Ryanair that way if anything does happen Ryanair has all the documents to fig ht against claims because at the moment they have no evidence. However, this may increase costs, which would make shareholders unhappy. Safety Problem In attempt to cut costs Ryanair is reducing the amount of fuel brought on a journey right down to the amount needed by law. This means no emergency extra. Solution The solution to this is obvious. Bring extra. Even though fuel is expensive wouldnt Ryanair rather pay for that then is the cause of passengers and staffs deaths if an unfortunate attendant occurs?Possible vs. Practicality This is without a doubt something Ryanair should stop doing it is unsafe to all. If they continue they may end up spending more and getting into more trouble therefore losing customers and loosing profit. This is so important that shareholders would be willing to have lower dividends for a while.Impacts of Acting EthicallyEven though acting ethically is a good thing, Ryanair have been unethical for a long time and with the change there is bound to be some impact on the business and its stakeholders. If the business was to carry out the solutions I have suggested they will encounter long-term and short-term advantages and disadvantages. In making the ethical decision to stop reducing fuel in order to cut costs would mean that the business would need to invest more money therefore in the short-term no one would be the winners as the shareholders might not get as much money back as they invested. However, in the long-term, as by carrying out this particular solution, customers may view Ryanair as safer and trust worthier, the business profits may increase therefore the Ryanair will be a good investment once more. If the business were to cut off Crewlink and have an in-house recruitment, Ryanair may save money, as they would no seven-day need to pay Crewlink for their services. This would be an advantage for the business for two reasons, they would be able to control everything and stay out of trouble caused by linked companies and they would cut costs in a safer way. For the last solution it is a win/win situation for all involved, the business and stakeholders. By being more environmentally friendly Ryanair will attract more customers as they will so far be able to keep their low-cost scheduled flights just in an ego way. In my judgment I think Ryanair would be crazy not to carry out these changes, they will be beneficial to everyone in many ways. As a business Ryanair will be able to maintain its low-cost reputation but just do it will more certainty, yes in the short-term it may be a lose but it will be a win for all in the long-term.Assignment 2 Ethical Concerns in the Community of the Selected Company- P3, P4, P2.Research the ethical concerns of different communities in which a selected business operates and relieve a full report for submission.Define EthicsEthics are the set of moral principles that guide a persons behavior. These morals are shaped by social norms, cultural practices, and religious i nfluences. Ethics reflect beliefs about what is right, what is wrong, what is just, what is unjust, what is good, and what is bad in terms of human behavior. They serve as a compass to direct how people should behave toward each other, understand and fulfil their obligations to society, and live their lives.Define Business Ethics Business ethics are the study of proper business policies and practices regarding potentially controversial issues, such as corporate governance, insider trading, bribery, discrimination, corporate social responsibility and fiduciary responsibilities. Business ethics are often guided by law, while other times provide a basic framework that businesses may choose to follow in order to gain public acceptance. indicate your selected business and give historical backgroundorchard apple tree Inc. is an American multinational corporation that designs and manufactures consumer electronics and computer software products. The companys best-known hardware products inc lude Macintosh computers, the iPod and the iPhone. orchard apple tree software includes the Mac OS X operating system, the iTunes media browser, the iLife suite of multimedia and creativity software, the iWork suite of productivity software, Final Cut Studio, a suite of skipper audio and film-industry software products, and Logic Studio, a suite of audio tools. The company operates more than 250 retail stores in nine countries and an online store where hardware and software products are sold.Established in Cupertino, California on April 1, 1976 and incorporated January 3, 1977,the company was called Apple Computer, Inc. for its first 30 years, but dropped the word Computer on January 9, 2007 to reflect the companys on-going expansion into the consumer electronics market in addition to its traditional focus on individualised computers. Apple has about 35,000 employees worldwide and had worldwide annual sales of US$32.48 billion in its fiscal year ending September 29, 2008.For reas ons as various as its philosophy of comprehensive aesthetic design to its distinctive publicize campaigns, Apple has established a unique reputation in the consumer electronics industry. This includes a customer base that is devoted to the company and its brand, particularly in the United States. deal magazine named Apple the most admired company in the United States in 2008 and in the world in 2009.Here I will be using my selected business Apple, to describe the ethical concerns facing specific communities as a result of their activities.Explain the ethical concerns of different communities in which a selected business operates (DifferentCommunities include local regional national global pressure groups, eg Greenpeace, Friends of the Earthimpact of overseeing bodies, eg UK Government, United Nations, European Union, reality Trade Organization (WTO), World Health Organization (WHO)(Ethical Concerns include corporate social responsibility globalisation cultural imperialism ecology environment fair tradecorruption child labour outsourcing personal attitudes whistle blowing)Apple, whose main manufacture in China is Foxconn, had to face ethical concerns in China recently.Local CommunityThe ethical concerns facing the local conjunction are Environmental and Child Labor. The environment is impacting the local society because the business is having an increase in the level of pollution in the city which is of course having a negative effect on the environment. Child Labor is another ethical concern that Foxconn have to face as they are employing under age children which is modify the local community as they are not getting the opportunity to be educated instead they are having to work in factories. Regional and field of study CommunityThe ethical concern facing the Regional and National Community beyond China is mostly to do with the Environment. The factories in China in which Foxconn own to manufacture the supplies for Apple create and let off a lot of pollu tion which is spreading across the seas into H.K and Taiwan. This is then impacting the environment second hand in another community. A business can also be affected by acting unethically in one community but having it pass on to the next through media. Once a community sees what the business is doing in another community they may be less willing to learn with that particular business, this creates a bad reputation for the business. Pressure GroupsEnvironmental pressure groups consistently force issues into the publics attention and therefore pressure both governments and business leaders into action. In terms of Child Labor, U.N.I.C.E.F is a pressure group that stands up for childrens rights. Along with promoting the importance of education for children living in communities where work seems like the only option U.N.I.C.E.F will fund the education. The roles that pressure groups such as U.N.I.C.E.F play in encouraging these businesses to act ethically is extremely vital and so imp ortant as without them the businesses would just do whatever is easiest. Overseeing BodiesOverseeing bodies such as the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and Governments are needed to deal with these ethical questions that concern us about our businesses. National, Continental and International bodies are taking all sorts of action to monitor the activities of business around the world.Examples of these overseeing bodies areUK GovernmentUnited Nations (UN)European Union (EU)World Trade Organisation (WTO)World Health Organisation (WHO)Concerns of CommunitiesHere I will be taking the issues mentioned above and explaining how businesses could improve their corporate social responsibility. In terms of the Environment and Child Labor concerning the community due to unethical behaviour from Foxconn and Apple there are ways they could eliminate these. EnvironmentThe environment is not just having an effect in one community but is traveling on and having a second hand effect on neighbouring co mmunities much like the second hand smoking effect only this is second hand pollution. Due to the business acting unethically and producing masses amounts of pollution from Foxconn factories manufacturing Apple products the environment is having a beating. This is effecting the rise of global warming aiding it to go faster. The mining of the raw materials is also impacting our environment badly as they are not going about it the correct way. Ways in which Apple can eliminate these unethical environmental concerns is by hiring another company to manufacture their products, although this may mean they need to spend more as one company may be more expensive than another. However, by doing so Apple will no longer be seen as acting unethically as they will not be associated with an unethically partnering company. Foxconn however can eliminate these unethical environmental concerns but it will take more than one step. They need to consider ways in which they can produce what they are pro ducing but ethically. For example, they can start by sourcing the raw material in an ethical way such as mining in areas that are specifically designed to be mined in and recycling the waste materials they do not use. Child LabourChild Labouring is a horribly unethical thing to be associated with and both Foxconn and Apple should be very ashamed of themselves. Due to the hiring of underage children to work in factories manufacturing Apple products both Foxconn and Apple are guilty of this unethical act that is a concern the business needs to face. Apple once again can eliminate this problem quite easily, they can drop Foxconn and find another company to manufacture their products, hopefully a company that doesnt use Child Labour. Again this might cost them more but they should consider whether it is worth saving their money of a childs rights. For Foxconn is bantam tougher to eliminate this problem as it a reputation they will always carry, however Child Labouring only occurs in ce rtain communities where education is limited for children so working is really their only option. Foxconn can spend more money and open a factory to manufacture the products in another community or country (if needed) so that they cant be exposed to the Child Labouring temptations. The Environment and Child Labor concerning the community due to unethical behaviour from Foxconn and Apple can be prevented by considering and acting upon the suggestions I have made above but there are many more unethical concerns facing these businesses and those also need to be sorted before the business is somewhat considered ethical.Social ImpactsHere I will be describing the social implications of business ethics facing Apple in its different areas of activity Apple has been acting unethically and we can see from this report in the Guardian, Apple has been known to use child labour. The business ethics issues that I believe effect society as a whole are ethics in Finance, Human Resource Management a nd Sales and Marketing. Ethics in finance relates to issues like bribery, executive pay, insider trading and lobbying and it is a concern to society because it involves all sorts of illegal corruption. Ethics in human resource management includes discrimination, worker surveillance and is a concern to society because it is about the rights of society and employees of the business. Ethics in sales and marketing for example, spamming, shills, product placement, green washing are concerns to society because it is just a way of generating sales and can end up having a baggage mount on society. The implications of these issues for the business are different for each issue. For ethics in finance the business can face legal and regulatory concerns if they are caught demonstrating insider trading. The business is currently keeping a close eye on the stock exchange activity within the business to make sure no one is taking advantage of it. For ethics in sales and marketing faces a potential bad reaction from customers if they keep green washing their products in marketing. before long the business is doing nothing to address this. As for the child labor Apple face legal concerns as it is against the law. According to the report Apple let the children go and pay for their education in a school of their familys choice.Judging the ImpactsFor this I will be focusing on the issue of Apples Child Labour use. Apple might deal with the issue of Child Labour by eliminating the problem and sticking to their code

Impossible To Have Objective Knowledge Philosophy Essay

Impossible To Have Objective Knowledge Philosophy EssayAs humans we live with the inescapable notion of our own consciousness, burdened with the endless pursuit of association, we eternally accumulate a c atomic number 18ful conglomeration of facts and experiences that shape our actually being. Imprisoned within our own cultural paradigms we fear our own subjectivities, entirely aw atomic number 18 that our language, values and beliefs impact our every choice. We do not live in a social vacuum instead, we roam free in a stimulating and subjective society. The acquisition of familiarity, or justified true belief as here defined, is learned through with(predicate) our tainted sensory experiences whether auditory, visually or kinaesthetically. However, there remains the belief that certain argonas of knowledge can remain tolerant to our polluting paradigms, areas of knowledge that do not evoke truth in their subjectivity but tell the truth in their objectivity. We often deem subjec tive knowledge hot and impulsive, wrought with emotion and bias, its validity tarnished by its opinionated and unbalanced temper. Objective knowledge is logical, considered, proven and factual, found in the realms of reasoning science and mathematics. solely to what extent is mathematical and scientific knowledge actually objective? And does subjective knowledge really hold any lesser value than its idolised facsimile or are we just afraid of own cultural paradigms?What can be less open to interpretation and more immutable than maths? math is the science of rigorous proof and the art of drawing coherent conclusions entirely independent of interpretation we assume this to be the epitome of objective knowledge. Maths distinct reputation affords it enormous practical value, we are certain that 2 + 2 = 4 and that any circles circumference, no matter how big, when divided by its diameter equates to pi. such(prenominal) facts rest undeniable and eternal, maths gives us non-trivial, substantial knowledge that rests true outside of experience. However, a question remains as to where maths exists? Is it, discovered or invented? The discovery theorem indicates a Platonic view of maths, manywhere in a metaphysical realm, the perfect forms of a circle and pi reside and mathematicians, by solve problems, are discovering an entity that already exists separate from our reality. If humans werent actively doing maths would maths exist at all? And can discoveries actually be made close to mental fictions or is maths a human construction?J. S. Mill argues that mathematics exists in the eye of the beholder and that mathematical truths are empirical generalisations based on a vast number of experiences1. It does appear that Maths is not a universal language mathematicians struggle to talk to non-specialists about their work because maths like all other knowledge can be culturally variable, subject to correction and change. Mathematicians form epistemic communities the Rom ans, for example, had no concept of zero, Egyptian times involved repeated doubling of numbers and in West Africa exclusively subtraction was used to express numbers (not 2+2 but 6 -2 = 4). Hence, maths, as a human endeavour is susceptible to varying mental interpretation, so to what extent are we mentally selecting particular kinds of experience and deeming them to be Copernican? We reached our modern, established perspective of maths through communication and collaboration, so it seems that although the numbers and patterns themselves are objective, the learning and advancement of maths is more inter-subjective common ideas shared and amalgamated. intelligence too, provides us with a framework for objective knowledge science appears indisputable because it is based on observation and fact. Culturally, we deem something scientifically proven to equate to the living truth. We believe our scientific account of the universe to be true and dismiss the hocus pocus of alternative med icine, creationism and the paranormal. Science is about how the world works there being only once correct explanation for any phenomenon. Simultaneous discovery, like the discovery of DNA initially by Watson and Crick shortly followed by Franklin and Klug demonstrate the substantiality and objectivity of science. If we could rewind the history of science, developments and discoveries may have occurred differently and by different scientists but the outcomes would be very similar. Gravity would still give weight to objects, do them to fall towards the ground and cells would still be the smallest unit of life.However, the practice of science, as a human endeavour is founded in uncertainty, each time we learn something juvenile with the astonishment comes the realisation that we were wrong before, David Bohm said, The notion of the absolute truth is shown to be in poor correspondence with the actual development of science. Scientific truths are meliorate regarded as relationships t hat hold in some limited domain. Hence, the indisputability of science is based in observation and fact but observation and fact are dependent on the theory we choose to believe. What we see depends on how we choose to look at it and as humans we cannot observe the world purely and unhindered. rather we see and structure things approximately our own cultural paradigms. Our science is based on a Westernised view that progress and objectivity are best reached through classification and explanation but does this render it useless? Of course not, science is there to be used but it is not there to tell us how things are. Science is not powerful because it is true it is true because it is powerful2.But is truth synonymous with objectivity? Or can we harness our subjective and frantic human natures to further enhance our knowledge? Montaigne claimed, to understand via the heart is not to understand and through our quest to objectify knowledge we ignore our most staple fibre emotional i nstincts. A scientific definition of emotion is the modification of neural activity that animates and focuses mental activity but is this not missing the vital content of what it is to feel an emotion? This description of emotion is like describing art as a collection of blobs on canvas or defining poetry as words in short lines. Some knowledge demands subjectivity and complexity, notions of good and beauty, for example. In many ways formal knowledge of maths, philosophy and geography are a means to satisfy the highest and noblest human impulse and self-actualisation the arts. Often human truths cannot be expressed using the language of rationality it seems the artist attempt to engineer these truths while embracing their own creative process. Indeed art is a personal creation and contains the opinions of the artist but with science the feelings of the scientist are neglected from the net understanding of the process. Does this make science better than the arts? It would if scien ce and the arts were investigating the same truths science is obsessed with knowledge of the universe whereas art lends itself to knowledge of humanity.Iris Murdoch famously in The Sovereignity of the Good suggests that appreciation of the arts allows us to transcend the problems of rationality and empiricism that plague the human condition. Murdoch believes there to be some sort of objective good but sees that the means of achieving this end is to open our consciousness towards art thus directing our being towards unselfishness, objectivity and realism. The very nature of art as an ephemeral entity forever transforming and evolving, transports us away from the comfort of our own subjectivities and plunges us into alternative human truths. No one is suggesting the lines and colours fall in truths in themselves as Margaret Atwood said, context is all.To read WH Audens Sonnets entitled, In Time of War, is not to gain facts or objective truths about the Japanese occupation of China in 1938 but instead to bask in the literature, meaning and beauty of poetry. Audens words speak a deep and vitally human truth so by trying to reduce this art to a series of concrete facts are we not diminishing it? Of course the sky didnt throb like a feverous forehead and obviously the Japanese soldiers were not bound like the heiress in her mothers womb. It is more the penetrating insights, the deep sense of social conscious(predicate)ness and contextual relevance that afford poetry and the arts as a whole the ability to bestow knowledge about humanity during the most turbulent and contentious eras. If anything, art is a continuous cultural narrative, evolving and translating the daily events that form our history.The search for certainty, objectivity and absolute truth lends itself to the study of history, for what could be more certain than that which has already happened? As G.R Elton suggests, the study of history is concerned with a subject matter more objective and indepen dent than that of the natural sciences, and we often acknowledge the apparent secureness and un-changeability of the past. But as Napoleon argued, what is history but a fable agreed upon? From the age of eleven, during history classes we are indoctrinated into the significance of bias and the vigilance infallible to exercise caution around historical opinion. It is almost impossible to expect any human historian to escape their own paradigms and write free from influence. We are forever imposing our own values and moralities onto the past my own essay on the reputation of Queen Marie-Antoinette during the French Revolution was largely angled around my own prejudices against misogyny and patriarchy. Perhaps more than anything, history is a social construct, facts about the past that are interpreted in the present. However, the selective and human nature of history does not deem it twisted or useless or fabricated, by removing the judgemental and interpretational aspects of history we are left with fragmented and scattered etchings of the past. The historian herself is aware of her bias and thus seeks a convergence of evidence in a hope that further analysis and reasoning will transform such etchings into an original, perceptive and beautiful picture.

Effectiveness of conventional language therapy in stroke patients

Effectiveness of schematic wording therapy in snapshot perseveringsStroke is a major non-communicable disease of increasing socio-economic importance in aging populations. check to the world health organization (WHO) Global Burden of Disease report, stroke was the second steer cause of mortality worldwide in 1990 the third leading cause of mortality in developed countries, (1), causing approximately 4.4 million deaths worldwide. (2), the most recent estimates showed that in 2002, the number of deaths due to stroke reached 5.51 million worldwide, with two-thirds of these deaths occurring in developing countries. Stroke also is a major cause of long-term disability, has an enormous emotional socioeconomic impact on patient, families health services.Speech quarrel problems argon common sequelae of stroke that prodigiously impact the daily lives of stroke survivors. Reduced vocabulary oral communication skills have negative ramifications on the individuals social, vocatio nal unpaid activities, often leading to social isolation, loneliness. Given the importance of communication to the stroke survivors quality of life, it is essential that rehabilitation professionals recognized address the speech run-in disorders associated with stroke. humble(prenominal) speech wrangle is extraordinarily complex. A number of steps are required, some accomplished sequentially some in parallel that incorporate the succeeding(a)Conceptualization of an idea generation of a communicative goal.Formulation of a grammatically structural sequence of verbal symbols ( lyric poem), each consisting of an interacting set of ordered sounds. excerpt of a series of neuronal commands (or) sensorimotor programs that will activate co articulated times, durations, intensitiesCentral peripheral nervous system innervations of muscles of respiration, phonation, resonance, articulation to produce the intend acoustic signal.Stroke can disrupt any of the stages of speech langu age, resulting in one (or) more than of the disorder of aphasia. Disruption to the initial stage involving the structure rules of the lingual message results in aphasia.Aphasia has been defined as a multimodality language disorder resulting from damage to heading areas that sub serves the formulation understanding of language its components (i.e., phonology, syntax, morphology semantics).Brocas aphasiaIt is a motor aphasia (or) non- placid aphasia. In this type of aphasia, speech output is highly reduced and is modified mainly to short utterances of less than 4 words. The vocabulary access is limited and the sound formation by the patients with Brocas aphasia is often laborious and clumsy. The patient may understand speech relatively well and also be able to read, alone be limited in writing. Brocas aphasia is often named as a non fluent aphasia due to the halting of the speech.FluencyNon-fluentSlow effortful outputShort phraseology duration (less than 4 words)Disrupted p rosody of speech.Oral ExpressionAgrammatism Uses primarily substantive content words (nouns, verbs) with few puzzle outal words (pronouns, prepositions, articles), most prison terms are simplified.May have an associated apraxia of speech.Auditory ComprehensionRelatively good comprehension except for sentences that involve syntactic complexity.RepetitionPoor.Restoration of normal communicational activities of patient is the primary goal of rehabilitation. To reach the aim the physiotherapist can use effected language therapy and control bring forth language therapy. received language therapy includes Exercise, Naming, Repetition, sentence completion, following the instructions of therapist and Conversation. The unoriginal language therapy helps the patient to relearn the simple communicable activities.Constraint induced language therapy includes Word Games like (i) framework constraint (use of minimal pairs), (ii) Shaping rule constraints (form sentences), (iii) Reinforcement constraints. The constraint induced language therapy helps the patient to improve the communicable activities.The combination of conventional language therapy and constraint induced language therapy would bring about excellent improvements in communicational activities.The commonly employ parameter to evaluate the outcome of treatment procedures are the occidental aphasia battery.The parameter selected for this playing field is the western aphasia battery. The pre space trial run levers of western aphasia battery will be computed in numbers for comparison. and so the weigh intend to compare the effect of conventional language therapy versus conventional language therapy and constraint induced language therapy in improving the communicational activities of stroke patient.This study facilitates to adventure out the most effective treatment to improve the communicational activities of stroke patients in society at the earliest.AIMS AND OBJECTIVESAIM OF THE STUDYTo compare the effectiveness of conventional language therapy versus conventional language therapy with constraint induced language therapy in the management of tolerate ischemic stroke Brocas aphasia.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYTo determine the effectiveness of conventional language therapy in the management of provide ischemic stroke Brocas aphasia.To determine the effectiveness of constraint induced language therapy in the management of rank ischemic stroke Brocas aphasia.To determine the effectiveness of conventional language therapy versus conventional language therapy with constraint induced language therapy in the management of post ischemic stroke Brocas aphasiaTo find out the effective treatment regarding language functional status in post ischemic stroke Brocas aphsia.HYPOTHESISNULL HYPOTHESISThe shadowy hypothesis states that in that location was no any significant dissimilarity among conventional language therapy versus conventional language therapy with constraint induced language therapy in the management of post ischemic stroke Brocas aphasia.ALTERNATE HYPOTHESISThe alternate hypothesis states that there was significant divagation between conventional language therapy versus conventional language therapy with constraint induced language therapy in the management of post ischemic stroke Brocas aphasiaREVIEW OF LITERATURE1. Pulvermuller F, et. al., (2001)Conducted a study on patients having degenerative aphasia were assigned arbitrarily to one root to receive either conventional language therapy or constraint induced language therapy. Patients in twain aggroups trustworthy the corresponding level of treatment (30 to 35 hours) as 10 daytimes of massed practice language exercises for the CILT group ( 3 hours/day minimum for 10 patients) or all over a longer period of approximately 4 weeks for the conventional language therapy group ( 7 patients). CILT led to significant and pronounced improvements on canonical clinical leavens, on self-ratings, and on blinded observer exercises of the patients communicative effectiveness in day to day life. Results suggest that the language skills of patients having chronic aphasia can be improved in a short course by the use of an appropriate massed practice method that focuses on the patients communicative needs.2. Swearengin JA, et. al., (2006)Conducted a pilot study on a group of individuals with chronic aphasia. Here we compared treatment that required forced use of the language modality, CILT, to treatment allowing all modes of communication. both treatments were administrated intensifierly, using the same therapeutic stimuli tasks. The results suggest that whereas both incumbrances yielded positive outcomes, but CILT group showed more consistent improvement on standard aphasia measures and clinician judgments of narrative discourse. Thus these results findings suggest that CILT intervention may be a viable approach to aphasia rehabilitation.3. Jerzy P. Szaflarski et. al.,Conducted a pilot study on three male patients with moderate to grave post-stroke aphasia. They reliable CILT 3-4 hours per day for 5 successive days. Pre and post try oning included formal language evaluation, linguistic abbreviation of story retell and mini communication activity log. Results showed literal improvements in comprehension and verbal skills. Thus the results indicate that the CILT is useful tool in language restoration in by and by stroke.4. Meinzer M, et. al., (2005)Conducted a study on 27 patients with chronic aphasia received 30 hours of treatment over 10 days. 12 patients were trained with CILT program, for 15 patients the training included a module of create verbally language and an additional training in everyday communication plus CILT. The outcome measures included standardized neurolinguistic tribulationing. The results showed more pronounced and increased language function for patients of the group CILT plus. Thus this effective intervention can be successfull y apply in the rehabilitation of chronic aphasia patients.5. Sanjit K. Bhogal BA et. al.,Conducted a recent study on aphasic patients had determined that intense aphasia therapy (CILT)over a short period of time has great impact on recovery than less intense therapy over a longer period of time. Thus this study examines other aspects of aphasia therapy that may be combined to facilitate recovery. Several areas of aphasia therapy have proven to be more effective than others.6. Cynthia M. Shewan et. al., (2004)Conducted a study on aphasic patients who received one of three types of speech and language treatment was compared with that in aphasic patients who received no treatment. One hundred aphasic patients were followed from 2 to 4 weeks post on set for 1 year or until recovery, using a standardized testify battery administered at systematic intervals. Both treatment methods were provided, while the method provided by trained nonprofessionals approached statistical significance. Small group size prevented resolution of the heading of whether one type of treatment was superior to another. Thus the results show that language therapy improves the language status of aphasic patients.7. Robert Teasell, MD et. al.,Conducted a study on post stroke aphasic patients. The aim of the study is to evaluate the relationship between the intensity of aphasia therapy and aphasia recovery. Alterations in have in mind scores from all studies were recorded. Intensity of the therapy was recorded in factor of length of therapy, hours of the therapy provided per week, and the total hours of therapy provided. Pearson correlation was used to check the relationship between changes in average scores of outcome measures and the intensity of therapy. Studies that explained a significant treatment effect gave 8.8 hours of therapy per week for 11.2 weeks versus the negative studies that only gave 2 hours per week for 22.9 weeks. On a take to be, positive studies provided a total of 98.4 hours of the therapy, whereas the negative studies provided 43.6 hours of the therapy. wide-cut length of therapy time was judged to be inversely correlated with hours of therapy provided per week (P=0.003) and total hours of therapy given (P=0.001). Total length of therapy was inversely correlated with mean changes in Porch Index of communicative Abilities (PICA) scores (P=0.0001). The number of hours of therapy given in a week was significantly related to greater improvement on the PICA (P=0.001) and the Token Test (P=0.027). Total number of hours of therapy was significantly correlated with higher improvement on the PICA (PReferences and further reading may be available for this article. To view references and further reading you must purchase this article.8. Kelly H et. al., (2009)Conducted a study on person with aphasia. They identified 30 trials involving 1840 randomized participants that were suitable for inclusion in this review. Overall, the review shows inference f rom randomized trials to suggest there may be a benefit from speech and language therapy.9. Karyn pingel et. al., (2010)Conducted a study on 9 patients with chronic non fluent aphasia and the patients are selected by Nonrandomized control trial. One group is treated with constraint induced language therapy and next one is treated with conventional language therapy. Both groups received treatment 3h/d, 4d/wk for 2 consecutive weeks. The main outcome measure is westward aphasia battery, Boston Naming Test, Action Naming Test, and linguistic analyses. Although participants in both groups evinced positive outcomes post treatment, the results suggest that CILT subjects showed increased performance on more measures than the traditional subjects.10. Lynn Maher et. al., (2008)Conducted a study on 48 patients with chronic aphasia. They are randomly assigned for this study. After the treatment session results suggest that individuals with chronic aphasia made substantial, measurable change o n a language battery following intensive CILT in regarding with a standardized assessment tool. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of intensive, constraint induced language therapy (CILT) for individuals with chronic aphasia compared with traditional aphasia therapy.11.loading enjoy waitBerthier ML, et. al., (2009)Conducted a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study of both memantine and CILT on chronic post stroke aphasia. Patients were randomized into two groups for interventions by and by baseline evaluations. The main outcome measure is western sandwich aphasia battery and communicative activity log. In accordance with Western aphasia battery and communicative activity log the dress hat outcomes were achieved combining memantine with CILT subjects.12.Anastasia Raymer et, al., (2009)Conducted a study on a small group of patients with aphasia to examine the effectiveness of constraint induced language therapy (CILT), in which they are received CILT. In contrast to other aphasia treatment approaches like conventional language therapy. In CILT improved verbal responses than conventional language therapy in accordance with a standardized measurement tool. It is indicated by increase in assessment score. The treatment is provided on an intensive schedule, up to three hours per day for five days per week. Thus the result was concluded that CILT was useful in rehabilitation of language function in aphasia.MATERIALS AND METHDOLOGYMATERIALSCouch.Chair.Pillow.Token.Picture cards.Western aphasia battery scoring sheet.METHODOLOGYStudy imageQuasi Experimental Study Design.Study SettingThe study was conducted at out patient department in J.K.K. Munirajah Medical Research Foundation College of Physiotherapy, Komarapalayam and regularise Head Quarters Hospital, Erode under the supervision of the concerned authoritiesSampling MethodConvenient sampling method.Sample SizeThirty patients with ischaemic Stroke Brocas aph asia, who comes under the inclusion criteria, were taken for the study.Study DurationThe study was conducted for a course of 4 months (5 sittings per week).Inclusion CriteriaAge group 40-60 years.Both sexes. right(prenominal) personsPrimary Language is Tamil.Adequate hearing and vision to participate in language therapyUnilateral Left CVA involvementModerate To moderately severe aphasia.Non-fluent aphasiaCognition 11(MMSE).Exclusion CriteriaDegenerative or Metabolic illness.Severe depression or psychiatric disorders.Brainstem stroke.Recurrent strokeHistory of other neurological impairment (e.g. dementia)Non-Tamil speakingDeaf and dumbSevere apraxia of speech.ParametersWestern Aphasia onslaughtToken Test.Mini Mental State ExaminationPorch Index of Communicative Abilities (PICA).proficiency schematic language therapyExercisesNamingRepetitionSentence completionFollowing instructionsConversations on patients interest topicsConstraint induced language therapyConstraint means Avoiding the use of compensatory strategies such as gesturing, drawing, writing etc.Forced use averages communicating by talking, andMassed practice symbolizes 2 to 4 hrs of speech therapy a day.Word GamesMaterial constraintsShaping and rule constraintsReinforcement contingenciesProcedureA total number of 30 patients having Ischemic Stroke Brocas aphasia who met the inclusion criteria were recruited by convenient sampling method. After the informed consent obtained, they were partitioned into two groups as crowd A and Group B, with 15 patients in each.Hence prior to the attempt of treatment, pre-tests were conducted using Western Aphasia Battery and results were recorded for both groups.After a clarifying demonstration about stodgy language therapy, Group A subjects were subjected to Conventional language therapy with supervised for a period of 4 months.After a clarifying demonstration about Conventional Language Therapy with Constrained induced language therapy, Group B subjects were subjected to Conventional Language Therapy with Constrained induced language therapy for a period of 4 months.In the last session, a post test was conducted using Western Aphasia Battery and the results were recorded.In fine, the analysis of the recorded results was carried out for the purposes of comparing the pre-test Vs post-test results, in turn the treatment techniques.Statistical ToolThe statistical tools used in the study were pairedt test and unpairedt test.Pairedt testThe pairedt test was used to find out the statistical significance between pre and post test of patients treated with Conventional Language Therapy and Constrained induced language therapy in Ischemic Stroke Brocas Aphasia separately.Formula Pairedt tests =t =d = difference between pre test Vs post test cheers= mean differencen = total number of subjectss = standard deviation.Unpaired t testThe unpaired t test was used to compare the statistically significant difference between Group A and Group B.Formula Un paired t tests =t =n1 = total number of subjects in group An2 = total number of subjects in group B= difference between pre test Vs post test of group A= mean difference between pre test Vs post test ofgroup A= difference between pretest Vs post test of group B= mean difference between pre test Vs post test ofgroup Bs = standard deviation.DATA PRESENTATION circuit board -IS.No throng- AConventional Language TherapyGROUP- BConventional Language Therapy with Constraint Induced Language TherapyPre-TestPost-TestPre-TestPost-Test1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.444642434544434449504344424545636169616565606670736766626869454542444350494443434543424644757375808180737575807280758182DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONThis portion deals with the analysis and description of the data collected from group A and Group B who underwent Conventional Language Therapy And Constraint induced Language therapyTABLE IIGroup A plug-in II represents the mean values, mean difference, standard deviation, a nd paired t value between pre test Vs post test values of Patient Rated Brocas Aphasia rating for group A who have been subjected to Conventional Language Therapy.Western Aphasia BatteryMeanMean differenceStandard deviationPaired t valuePre test44.621.07326.31Post test65.67It shows the analysis of Brocas Aphasia Evaluation the paired t value of pre Vs post sessions of group A was 26.31 at 0.05 level of significance, which was greater than the tabulated value of 2.15. This showed that there was a statistical significant difference in between pre Vs post test results. The pre test mean was 44.6, the post test mean was 65.67 and mean difference was 21.07, which showed that there was a decrease in Brocas Aphasia Evaluation in post test indicating the recovery of selected samples in response to intervention.Graph I -Western Aphasia Battery Evaluation of Group APre Post test valuesTABLE IIIGroup BTable III represents the mean values, mean difference, standard deviation, and pairedt v alue of Brocas Aphasia Evaluation for group B, who have been subjected to Conventional Language Therapy And Constraint induced Language therapyWestern Aphasia BatteryMeanMean differenceStandard deviationPaired t valuePre test44.5332.64.2929.41Post test77.3Table III shows the analysis of Brocas Aphasia Evaluation the pairedt value of pre Vs post sessions of group B was 29.41 at 0.05 level of significance, which was greater than the tabulated value of 2.15. This showed that there was a statistical significant difference in between pre Vs post test results. The pre test mean was 44.53, the post test mean was 77.13 and mean difference was 32.6, which showed that there was a decrease in Brocas Aphasia Evaluation in post test indicating the recovery of selected samples in response to intervention.Graph II Western Aphasia Battery Evaluation of Group BPre Post test valuesTABLE IVTable IV represents the comparative mean values, mean difference, standard deviation, and unpairedt value bet ween group A and group B on Brocas Aphasia Evaluation.Western Aphasia BatteryMeanMean differenceStandard deviationUnpaired t valueGroup A21.0711.533.78.54Group B32.6Table IV shows the analysis of group A and group B with Brocas Aphasia Evaluation. The unpairedt value of 8.54 was greater than the tabulated unpaired t value of 2.05 at 0.05 level of significance which showed that there was statistically significant difference between group A and group B. The mean value of group A was 21.07 and the mean value of group B was 32.6, and the mean difference was 11.53 which showed that there was a greater improvement in group B when compared to group A.Therefore, the study is rejecting the unsatisfying hypothesis and accepting the alternate hypothesis.Graph III Mean difference of Group A and Group B Western Aphasia BatteryDISCUSSIONThe aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of Conventional language therapy versus Conventional language therapy with Constraint induced language th erapy in improving language function in ischemic stroke Brocas aphasia.Based on Berthier ML. et.al., (2009) Karyn pingel et.al., (2010) Studies Western Aphasia Battery was selected as parameter in present study.In the analysis and interpretation of Language function in group AThe paired t value of 26.31 was greater than the tabulated paired t value of 2.15, which showed that there was statistically significant difference at 0.05 level of significance and 14 degrees of freedom between pre and post results. The pre test mean was 44.6, post test mean was 65.67 and mean difference was 21.07, which showed improvements regarding language functional status in response to Conventional language therapy after 4 months.In the analysis and interpretation of Language function in group BThe paired t value of 29.41 was greater than the tabulated paired t value of 2.15, which showed that there was statistically significant difference at 0.05 level of significance and 14 degrees of freedom between p re and post results. The pre test mean was 44.53, post test mean was 77.13 and mean difference was 32.6, which showed improvements regarding language functional status in response to Conventional language therapy with constraint induced language therapy after 4 months.The results of studies conducted by Jerzy P. Szarflarski.et.al., Meinzer M et.al., Anastasia Raymer, supported the present study in which Conventional language therapy with constraint induced language therapy was given.IN THE COMPARISON OF GROUP A AND GROUP BIn the analysis and interpretation of Language Function between group A and group BIn the analysis and interpretation of Language function, the unpairedt value of 8.54 which is greater than the tabulated t value of 2.05, at 0.05 level of significance and 28 degrees of freedom, which showed that there was statistically significant difference between the pre test Vs post test results of group A and group B. The mean value of group A was 21.07, mean value of group B was 32.6 and mean difference was 11.53 which showed that there was significant improvements regarding language functional status in group B compared to group A in response to treatment.Based on the statistical analysis and interpretation of the results, the present study showed that there was significant improvement regarding language functional status based on (increase) in Western Aphasia Battery in patients with Ischemic Stroke Brocas Aphasia treated with Conventional language therapy with onstraint induced language therapy.Therefore, the present study is accepting alternate hypothesis and rejecting null hypothesis.Reason for Improvements in Conventional Language TherapyIt increases the efficiency and strength of language skills.In conventional language therapy regular exercise and practices are used. It helps to strengthen the weak muscles and to prevent it from further degeneration.Reactivation of the cortex was due to increased responsiveness of weak inputs from neighboring areas.It takes over of existing descending pathways from premotor and supplementary motor cortex which is tortuous in language control.It used to help a survivor of an aphasic regain his ability to talk, recognize voice patterns and regain the ability to relate words to images.It helps to regaining control over the voice cords is an important part of therapy.Reason for improvements in constraint induced language therapyConstraint induced language therapy is very intensive treatment with sessions lasting for up to 6 hours over the course of 10 days so it gives repeated stimulus to brain.Constraint induced language therapy principles are motivated by neuroscience insights about learning at the level of nerve cells (synaptic plasticity). So it helps to regain language skills.Constraint induced language therapy contrasts sharply with traditional therapy by the strong belief that mechanisms to compensate for lost language function should not be used unless absolutely necessary, even in everyday life.It make coupling between cortical systems for language and action in the human brain and it reverses the elements of learned disuse.It produces some reorganizational changes during language practice.Reason for improvements in conventional language therapy with constraint induced language therapyIt enhances both parallel and hierarchical processing with in central nervous system which induced stored areas of the brain and it result in enhancing effective recovery.It consists of various throat and neck exercises, such as Cognitive Linguistic Therapy.Cognitive Linguistic Therapy concentrates on the patients emotions, coaching them on how to respond to tones of voice or words describing emotions, such as happy.It encourages the patients (constrained) to use their remaining verbal abilities to succeed in the communication game.Here the interaction is guide by communicative need in a language game context, picture cards, and the barriers making it impossible to see other pl ayers cards, and other materials, so that it induces spry participation of patient.It is believed that CILT works by the mechanism of increased neuroplasticity. By constraining an individual to use only speech, it is believed that their brain can reestablish old neural pathways and recruit new neural pathways to compensate for lost functionSUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSUMMARYThe aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness of Conventional language therapy alone with combined effect of Conventional language therapy and constraint induced language therapy on language function in Ischemic stroke Brocas aphasia.A total number of 30 subjects with Ischemic stroke Brocas aphasia were selected by convenient sampling method after considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Then informed consents were obtained from subjects individually.Western Aphasia Battery was taken as the parameter. Pre test data were collected for group A and group B patients and computed.Group A patients were subj ected to Conventional language therapy and Group B patients were subjected to Conventional language therapy and constraint induced language therapy for a period of 4 Months. The results of the same parameter were recorded for comparison after four-spot months of treatment.The paired t test was used to compare the pre versus post test results of Group A and Group B separately. The unpaired t test was used to compare the mean difference of

Housewives and Prisioners: Chopin, Colette, Godwin Essay -- essays re

Housewives and Prisoners in their WorldAll three writings, The Story of an Hour, A Sorrowful charwoman and The Hand portray the long led ruling that women be obligated to carrying the burdens of a household. The belief that they should surrender their own desires and needs to care for the needs of their families still lingers in society today. Similarly, the women are in a marriage they will non leave, bare the burden of submission, have a love and dislike for their spouses, and desire liberty from the imprisonment they face in their life.While all three marriages are alike they do have some differences. In the same way The Hand portrays the life of a newly married bride, The Story of an Hour vividly describes Mrs. Mallard as young which would lead one to believe that both women are young in age. The description, She was young, with a fair calm face, whose lines bespoke repression. Describes a woman that has been married to her husband long enough to have realized her unhap piness.Also, none of the women ever give tongue to of ending their marriage. Mrs. Mallard realizes the one joy of the death of her husband is she will never have to entertain the idea of leaving him. It comes to her as her way out. She would not have to take responsibility for the failed marriage because it has been taken care of for her. In a different manner, the woman in The Hand decides that her husbands strengths, which are represented by the description of his hair, eyes, build and arms, are enough for her to deal with his flaws, which are represented by the horrific hand. A Sorrowful Woman depicts the wifes need to stay even though she moves to a different room apart from her husband and child.Another similarity is the submiss... ... He allowed her to extend to her needs in order to keep her in his life. One could ponder the outcome of Mrs. Mallards marriage had she been open to her husband about her feelings. whatever could say it would not have made a difference and some could say it would. This shows the differences in the spates of marriage.In conclusion, a marriage should be an alliance betwixt two people. It should be a tie that bids a woman and a man but does not imprison them. While marriage and the social view of it has come along way many women still feel as these three did. Women feel obligated to stay in a marriage for threefold reasons, submit to their husbands in one way or another, tend to love their man one minute but dislike them another and desire freedom of the lifestyle when it is comfortable conditions. These authors showed different views but portrayed many similarities.

Essay --

Mid Term Assignment - GenzymeHIMP6170 Professor Aditya PaiShweta Harwalkar (ID 212294831)2/13/2014 Company / portfolio for analysis (Refer to addendum 1, 2, 3 & 4)Genzyme Corporation (Genzyme), a subsidiary of Sanofi-aventis, is a biotechnology follow which is principally engaged in developing products and services for rare genetic disorders. The company has its operations worldwide with its principal concentration in the US and the UK. Genzyme is headquartered in Massachusetts, the US. The parent company, Sanofi, is a global and diversified healthcare leader. Genzyme is currently organized into cardinal business units Rare Diseases and Multiple Sclerosis.Rare Diseases Focusing on uncommon and underserved medical conditions, the Rare Disease business unit is currently focused on three medical areasGenetic Diseases - Pioneering Solutions to Lysosomal Storage Disorders Orphan drugsEndocrinology - genetically engineered version of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)Cardiovascular D isease - inherited disorders, such as familial hypercholesterolemia, a genetic and potentially life-threatening form of severely high cholesterol that often doesnt respond to traditional treatmentsMultiple sclerosis Multiple sclerosis is a chronic disease that affects each person differently, with symptoms ranging from numbness in the limbs or forgetfulness to paralysis or loss of vision. Revenues and growth trends(Refer to Appendix 5)Sanofi acquired Genzyme for $20.1 billion. New Genzyme was successfully merged resulting in sales growth of 16.9%. Sales for Fabrazyme (agalsidase beta), a treatment for Fabry disease, nearly doubled. Sales for Myozyme and Lumizyme (alglucosidase alfa), indicated in Pompe d... ...better compensationsShareholdersA leader in orphan drug marketplace will attract more shareholdersGenzyme must increase economic value created for shareholdersRetail ChainsReducing the retail chain can help Genzyme manage at lower price or have higher put onChanges in the retail chain system will probably affect the profit margin of the drug giving medicationWork closely with the government to make sure that the orphan drugs are available in that country/marketGovernment regulates the price of drugs - If Genzyme does not lower the cost of orphan drugs, then it is very likely that government will set a lower price, which will castrate Genzymes profitOther rare disease associationsCommunicate effectively and work closely with these rare disease associationsMost rare diseases do not have treatment available - High pricing will prevent some patients from getting treatment

Essay --

Have you noticed that since the birth of the Nobel Prize, most of the winners are from europium and America while no one is from China (except for Mo Yan, who won the literature prize in 2012)? As stated, the United States occupies less than 5% of the worlds population, exactly seventy percent of the winners are from US while China that holds one fifth of the world population has only one winner educated in mainland since 1949. What exactly led to vex situation of Chinas education system? I think China stick out not foster a Nobel Prize winner because of overly much homework, the unreasonable education system, and universities not professional enough academic atmosphere.The first reason is that the burden of students today is heavier and heavier. For example, too much homework occupies major parts of students spare time. Due to it, students become weighed down with the homework. What is worse, too much homework makes students be afraid of study and exams, which can result in the loss of interest of study. So we can conclude that what too much homework brings to students is not the chance to exercise themselves but excuses for them to frustrate study. Gradually they regard the process of doing homework as finishing an unwilling mission rather than a way to check up drawbacks in study, which limits the extra time in which students exercise the ability of thinking, querying, and practicing. If students don not have a right attitude towards homework and study, maybe they won not be serious about academic explore either when they work in their own fields.Another reason is that the unreasonable education system also bestows to the present situation. Since the recovery of college entrance exam system, the concepts of education have... ... entertainment. Our politics, religion, journalism, sports, education and business are willing to become a vassal of entertainment. When that happens, even doing the serious research will become a king of trick to attract peoples attention and then fall into jokes.In a word, these three factors contribute to the present situation of Chinas education system. The downside of the Asian system is that the national standards do not do much to foster creativity Glenn Zorpette (n.d) We as yet have a long way to go to perfect our system of developing ability such as E.D.Hirsch Jr (1995) higher order skills, self look on, metcognitive skills, critical-thinking skills, mere facts which are qualified for society development. I hope one day I can hear the news where a scientist or a writer educated in the mainland of china not other countries win the Nobel Prize.

Educational Philosophy :: essays research papers

Educational Philosophy Throughout the years the topic of an American public knowledge has been a very controversial subject. Since the time of the early Massachusetts Bay Colony, many have been divided on the role, if any, the government should take on in educating Americas children. There has also been debate on the type of education American children, and t apieceers should have. Although, there has been tremendous progress in creating an exemplification public education, there is still an ever-evolving need for change in Americas public educational system. This paper strives to focus on this matter. First, it testament look at the history of American education, beginning with colonial America to the present day. It will also examine Americas philosophy of education over the years. And lastly, it shall give insight on my personal views of an ideal educational system. The novel World was grouped in three geographic categories, consisting of the southern, middle and New England colonies. Since the southern colonies depended on an agrarian economy dominated by a plantation system based on slavery, there were great distances between each house and plantation making it was rather difficult to establish schools for all. For this reason learning occurred mostly in the home, by parents or tutors. For the slaves in the southern colonies, there was very little education because their lack of education was used as a to maintain their present state of ignorance. Most of the settlers in the southern colonies arrived as indentured servants, and were of English lower or middle-class background. However, once arriving to the New World these same English men became the new aristocrats of the southern colonies. S. Alexander Rippa nones, family probability and great wealth were accumulated by land acquisition and tobacco growingthese were the quickest ways to prosperity (Rippa, 6). In the southern colonies, religion was not a focal matter as it once was in England. The Anglican Church was a primary institution were governmental matters were handled instead of religious matters. Therefore, we advert that religion was not as important to the southern settlers and it did not serve as an instrument of civic discipline as it was for the former(a) colonies. In the other colonies, religious matters was the main reason for education, however, education in the southern colonies was considered to be a private and individual concern instead of a civil or religious matter. The Anglican Church, to which the southern colonists officially adhered, was not indifferent toward education.